質問に英文で答えます。英語の勉強で使えるように単語の意味や日本語の概要を付与します。

Fundraising（募金活動） presents several challenges that organizations need to navigate carefully. One primary issue is donor fatigue（寄付者の疲労感）, which occurs when potential donors become overwhelmed by constant requests for donations and thus become less willing to contribute（貢献する）. Additionally, transparency（透明性） and accountability（説明責任） are critical factors. Donors want to know how their money is being utilized（利用される） and whether it is being spent effectively towards the cause. If an organization does not provide clear and transparent reports on their expenditures（支出）, it can lead to mistrust.

Another challenge is competition（競争） from numerous other fundraising campaigns all vying for the same pool of donor money. This saturation can make it difficult for a single campaign to stand out. Furthermore, economic conditions can affect people's willingness to donate, as individuals may prioritize their financial security over charitable giving during tough times.

The rise of digital fundraising platforms adds both opportunities and obstacles. While it broadens the reach to potential donors globally, it also requires organizations to have the technological capability and strategy to effectively engage with donors online. Additionally, ensuring data security and protecting donor information from cyber threats is increasingly important.

概要：募金活動には、寄付者の疲労感や使途の透明性の問題、競争の激化、経済状況の影響、デジタルによる寄付のセキュリティ対策など、解決すべき様々な課題があります。これらの課題をうまく乗り越えることが重要です。

Mechanism design（メカニズム・デザイン） is a field in economics and game theory that deals with the creation of systems or incentives（インセンティブ） to achieve desired outcomes or efficient collective decision-making. Unlike traditional game theory, which studies how strategic interactions occur given certain rules, mechanism design is proactive（積極的） and focuses on designing those rules.

One of the fundamental components of mechanism design is to construct systems where individual participants have the incentive to behave in a way that leads to the optimal outcome for the group. This often involves creating scenarios in which truth-telling or honest participation is the best strategy for individuals.

A popular example of mechanism design is the auction system. Different types of auctions, such as sealed-bid or English auctions, are designed in ways that encourage bidders（入札者） to reveal their true valuations（評価） of items, ensuring the efficient allocation（配分） of resources.

Another aspect of mechanism design is dealing with the concept of social choice, which involves aggregating（集計する） individual preferences to reach a collective decision. Methods such as voting systems and market mechanisms are studied to understand how best to aggregate these preferences while minimizing issues like manipulation（操作） or unfairness.

In summary, mechanism design helps in structuring environments where individuals' personal interests can align with achieving the best collective outcomes, often involving strategies to ensure efficient, fair, and transparent processes.

概要：メカニズム・デザインとは、個人の行動が集団全体にとって最適な結果をもたらすように、ルールやインセンティブのシステムを設計することに関する理論です。オークションや投票制度などを通じて、個々の利益と集団利益を一致させることを目指しています。